What is list comprehension? Also explain generator comprehension, set comprehension and dictionary comprehension?

List Comprehension :
  • List comprehension was introduced in 2.0.
  • List comprehension is an elegant way to define and create a list in Python.
  • List comprehension is a complete substitute for the lambda function as well as the functions map(), filter() and reduce().
>>> Celsius = [39.2, 36.5, 37.3, 37.8]
>>> Fahrenheit = [ ((float(9)/5)*x + 32) for x in Celsius ]
>>> print Fahrenheit
[102.56, 97.700000000000003, 99.140000000000001, 100.03999999999999]

Generator Comprehension :
  • Generator comprehensions were introduced with Python 2.6. 
  • They are simply a generator expression with a parenthesis - round brackets - around it. Otherwise, the syntax and the way of working is like list comprehension, but a generator comprehension returns a generator instead of a list.
>>> x = (x **2 for x in range(20))
>>> print(x)
at 0xb7307aa4>
>>> x = list(x)
>>> print(x)
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361]

Set Comprehension :
  • A set comprehension is similar to a list comprehension but returns a set and not a list. 
  • Syntactically, we use curly brackets instead of square brackets to create a set. 
  • We are able to create the set of non primes without doublets:
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> n = 100
>>> sqrt_n = int(sqrt(n))
>>> no_primes = {j for i in range(2,sqrt_n) for j in range(i*2, n, i)}
>>> no_primes
{4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99}
>>> primes = {i for i in range(n) if i not in no_primes}
>>> print(primes)
{0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97}
>>>

Dictionary Comprehensions :
  • There are dictionary comprehensions in Python 2.7+.
  • Like a list comprehension, they create a new dictionary; you can't use them to add keys to an existing dictionary. Also, you have to specify the keys and values, although of course you can specify a dummy value if you like.
>>> d = {n: n**2 for n in range(5)}
>>> print d
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}


my_list = ['hello', 'hi', 'hello', 'today', 'morning', 'again', 'hello']
my_dict = {k:my_list.count(k) for k in my_list}
print(my_dict)

{'again': 1, 'hi': 1, 'hello': 3, 'today': 1, 'morning': 1}

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